Kuningi ukuhlolwa kwe-anti-doping okwenziwayo emhlabeni, ngesikhathi semqhudelwano nasemincintiswaneni, naphakathi kwabo. Cabanga ukuthi yini i-doping kwezemidlalo.
Kuyini ukulawula izidakamizwa?
Ukulawulwa kwe-Doping kuyinqubo ebandakanya ukusampula, ukuhlolwa, izinqubo ezahlukahlukene zangemva kokuhlolwa, ukudluliswa kwamacala nokulalelwa.
Injani inqubo yokuxoxisana nokwamukelwa kwento njengokuqhubeka kokusebenzisa i-doping?
Njengomthetho, izinto ezingavunyelwe aziqashelwa ngokushesha ngokufaka izidakamizwa. Esikhathini esithile, ochwepheshe abafanelekayo baqapha izinto ezinjalo. Kepha kunezikhathi lapho into ethile yaziwa ngokushesha njenge-doping.
Ochwepheshe balesi sikhungo baqapha izinto ezikuma-laboratories akhethekile. Ukucwaninga kusetshenziswa imishini ekhethekile. Isikhathi sokuqapha sinqunywa ngungoti ohola phambili wesikhungo.
Ngemuva kokuqedwa kokuqapha, yonke imininingwane etholakele ithunyelwa kwikomidi le-WADA (i-anti-doping agency). Le nhlangano iqhuba:
- ukutadisha izimpikiswano ezahlukahlukene zesayensi;
- izingqungquthela;
- ukutadisha imibiko ehlukahlukene yabaphenyi nososayensi
- izingxoxo eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Ngemuva kwalokho, ngokuya ngemininingwane efundisiwe, kwenziwa isinqumo esithile. Namuhla kukhona izinto maqondana nokuthi izingxoxo nezifundo kubonwe kanjani iminyaka eminingi.
Imithetho yenqubo yokulawulwa kwezidakamizwa
Bonke abasubathi abanikezwe iziqu eziphakeme kakhulu kumele babhekane nokulawulwa okukhethekile kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa. Kulokhu, kuthathwa isampula yomchamo. Ukuhlolwa kuyaqhubeka emalabhorethri ezemidlalo.
Imiphumela iyabe isimenyezelwa. Uma kutholakala noma yiziphi izinto ezingavunyelwe, umgijimi uzokhishwa ngaphandle kwemibandela.
Ngaphambi kwenqubo, umgijimi weziqu eziphakeme kakhulu kufanele aziswe. Kufanele aziswe ngosuku nesikhathi esiqondile, kanye namanye ama-nuances.
Ngemuva kwalokho, isisebenzi sinikeza umgijimi lokho okuthiwa yifomu yokuqinisekisa. Ngemuva kokubuyekeza ifomu, umsubathi wesigaba esiphezulu kumele asayine. Manje, ifomu lokuqinisekisa livumelekile ukukhuluma ngomthetho.
Njengomthetho, umgijimi ofaneleke kakhulu kufanele afike endaweni ekhethekile kungakapheli ihora elilodwa. Uma engenaso isikhathi sokufika ngesikhathi esimisiwe, inqubo leyo ngeke yenziwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulokhu, kuzobhekwa ukuthi umgijimi weziqu ophakeme kakhulu usebenzisa noma yiziphi izinto ezingavunyelwe.
Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa unswinyo oluthile:
- ukuhoxa emincintiswaneni esebenzayo;
- Inqubo yokungavunyelwa.
Izijeziso ezihambisanayo zisetshenziswa kumacala angama-99%. Kuhlala kunokunye okuhlukile.
1. Ngaphambi kokufika esizeni, umgijimi oqeqeshiwe kakhulu kufanele ahambisane nothile. Lokhu kungaba ngumsebenzi waselebhu noma ijaji. Umuntu onomthwalo wemfanelo ulawula ukuhamba komsubathi. Ngokwemithetho yamanje, akakwazi ukuchama ngaphambi kwenqubo.
2. Lapho efika endaweni efanele, umuntu okuzothathwa kuye isampuli kudingeka anikeze noma iyiphi idokhumenti:
- ipasipoti yomhlaba wonke;
- ipasipoti, njll.
3. Ukuze izifundo ezikhethekile kudingeka inani elithile umchamo - 75 amamililitha. Ngakho-ke, kufanele nakanjani unikeze noma iziphi iziphuzo:
- amanzi amaminerali
- isoda, njll.
Kulokhu, zonke iziphuzo kufanele zibe esitsheni esikhethekile. Isiqukathi kufanele sivalwe. Imvamisa, umphathi unikeza isiphuzo osithandayo.
4. Ngemuva kwalokho, unikezwa ukuthi aye egumbini lapho kuthathwa khona isampula. Umsubathi kumele ahambisane nomuntu ophethe (ijaji). Lapho kwenziwa inqubo yokuthatha isampula, kuyadingeka ukuthi uqondiswe umthetho - ukuveza umzimba ezingeni elithile.
5. Ngokuya ngezincomo zamanje, kuvunyelwe ukukhuthaza ukuchama. Kunezindlela ezimbili ezisemthethweni:
- faka umsindo wokuthela kwamanzi;
- thela amanzi esihlakaleni sakho.
6. Ngemuva kokwenza inqubo efanele, umuntu ophethe uhlukanisa izingxenye ezimbili:
- ibhodlela elibhalwe u-A;
- ibhodlela libhalwe B.
7. Ngemuva kwalokho, umuntu ophethe (ijaji) kumele aqinisekise ukuthi isampuli ethathiwe ilungele ukwenza ucwaningo olufanele elabhoratri. Lapho-ke isitsha sivalwa ngesivalo. Ngemuva kwalokho, umuntu ophetheyo (ijaji) kufanele abeke ikhodi eyingqayizivele abuye avale ibhodlela.
8. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhodlela akhethekile ahlolwe ngokucophelela futhi. Kepha manje ukugeleza. Umphathi kumele aqinisekise ukuqina nokuthembeka kwebhodlela.
9. Manje sekudingekile ukuthi umsubathi oqeqeshwe kakhulu ahlole ibhodlela:
- qiniseka ukuthi ibhodlela liqinile;
- qiniseka ngekhwalithi yokubekwa uphawu;
- qiniseka ukuthi ikhodi ilungile.
10. Futhi isinyathelo sokugcina. Abasebenzi bafaka izingqayi esitsheni esivikelekile. Ngemuva kwalokho, isitsha kufanele sivalwe. Manje, zihambisana nonogada, iziqukathi ezivikelwe ziyiswa elabhorethri ukuyokwenza ucwaningo.
Ngemuva kwalokho, ilabhorethri yenza ucwaningo olufanele. Ilabhorethri ngayinye kufanele ibe nesitifiketi esithile. Ukuze uthole isitifiketi esinjalo, kufanele uphase isitifiketi esifanele. Lesi sitifiketi senziwa yi-WADA.
Ngubani oqoqa amasampula wokusebenzisa izidakamizwa?
Ngokomthetho wamanje, izinhlobo ezimbili zokulawula zinqunyiwe:
- ukuphuma komncintiswano (obanjwe isikhathi eside ngaphambi noma ngemuva komncintiswano);
- ukuncintisana (okubanjelwe ngqo ngesikhathi somncintiswano wamanje).
Ukulawulwa kwenziwa yilabo okuthiwa ngama-doping officer. Laba ngabantu abaqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile abaneziqu ezithile.ent iya lapha
Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuqala umsebenzi, wonke "izikhulu" akhethwe ngokucophelela:
- ukuhlolwa;
- ingxoxo;
- ingxoxo nodokotela wezengqondo, njll.
La "maphoyisa" amele lezi zinhlangano ezilandelayo:
- tinhlangano letehlukene temhlaba wonkhe;
- izinhlangano ezisebenza eduze neWADA.
Isibonelo, i-IDTM Corporation. Le nhlangano iqapha abagijimi ababambe iqhaza kwezemidlalo.
Yiziphi amasampuli ezithathiwayo zokulawulwa kwezidakamizwa?
Ngokomthetho wamanje, isampula yomchamo iyathathwa ukuze kulawulwe izidakamizwa ezikhethekile. Ucwaningo ngezinye izinto alwenziwa.
Ingabe umgijimi anganqaba?
Imithetho yamanje iyakwenqabela ukwenqaba ukwenza le nqubo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, umuntu ancintisana naye uzokhishwa ngaphandle kwemibandela. Lokho wukuthi, ikhomishini izobhala phansi ukwamukelwa kwesampula elungile.
Kwesinye isikhathi ungathatha ikhefu. Isibonelo, kungaba ngumama osemncane odinga ukondla ingane yakhe. Kepha noma kunjalo, kuyadingeka ukufakazela kahle isizathu sokuthi ikhomishini iphakamise ukuthatha ikhefu.
Isampuli ithathwa kanjani?
Njengomthetho, isampula lidluliselwa endaweni ekhethekile. Umbambiqhaza womncintiswano angahamba iphuzu kuphela lapho kukhona umuntu ophethe.
- Isivivinyo senziwa, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, ngendlela engokwemvelo. Lokho wukuthi, umuntu ancintisanayo kufanele achame ebhodleleni elikhethekile.
- Kulesi senzo, umuntu ophethe ubheka le nqubo ukuze avimbele izenzo ezingekho emthethweni. Isibonelo sokwephula okungenzeka ukushintshanisa ibhodlela.
Abasubathi abangathembekile bangasebenzisa amaqhinga namacebo ahlukahlukene ukushintsha ibhodlela:
- isitsha esincane esise-rectum;
- izitho zangasese zamanga, njll.
Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi umhloli (isikhulu) ukhohlakele. Kulokhu, ungashintsha ibhodlela. Uma kutholakala ukwephula umthetho, iphoyisa lizojeziswa kanzima.
Ukuhlaziywa kwenziwa ngokushesha okungakanani?
Isikhathi sokuhlaziywa sincike esikalini somncintiswano:
- Kwimicimbi emincane yezemidlalo, ukuhlaziywa kufanele kwenziwe zingakapheli izinsuku eziyi-10.
- Ngokuya ngemithetho yamanje, ukuhlaziywa kwesampula okutholwe emincintiswaneni emikhulu yezemidlalo kwenziwa ezinsukwini eziyi-1-3:
- izinsuku ezintathu zokuhlaziywa okuyinkimbinkimbi;
- izinsuku ezimbili zezifundo ezahlukahlukene ezingeziwe;
- usuku olulodwa lokuhlaziya amasampula angenayo i-negative.
Amasampula agcinwa isikhathi esingakanani futhi kuphi?
Kuze kube manje, impilo eshalofini yamasampuli ishintshile kakhulu. Ezinye zazo zingagcinwa kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-8. Ukugcinwa kwesikhathi eside kuyadingeka ekuhlaziyweni okuphindaphindiwe. Yenzelwe ini?
- ukukhomba izindlela ezintsha ezingekho emthethweni;
- ukukhomba izinto ezintsha ezingavunyelwe (izidakamizwa).
Ngakho-ke, ukuhlaziywa kwemiphumela etholakalayo kwenziwa eminyakeni eminingana kamuva. Imiphumela iyamenyezelwa. Abanye ababambiqhaza bemincintiswano edlule bathola imiphumela edumazayo.
Amasampuli athathiwe agcinwa kuma-laboratories akhethekile, agadwe ngokucophelela kubantu abangathembekile.
Iphasiphothi yokulwa nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa
Ngokombono wezomthetho, imiphumela etholwe ngesikhathi sokulawulwa kwe-doping ayihlukile nganoma iyiphi indlela kusuka ezinkomba eziphasiphothi yokulwa nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa.
Ukuhlaziywa kwezinkomba zepasipoti elwa nokulwa nokusebenzisa izidakamizwa kulula kakhulu:
- kwalokhu, kusetshenziswa imishini ekhethekile;
- isisebenzi sase-laboratory sifaka imininingwane yepasipoti;
- uhlelo luhlaziya imininingwane etholakele bese lunikeza umphumela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, yonke inqubo ayaziwa neze. Abasebenzi baselebhu basebenzisa kuphela imininingwane (izinkomba) zebhayoloji ukuhlaziywa.
Ngemuva kocwaningo, kuxoxwa ngemiphumela. Njengomthetho, kucatshangelwa umbono wabasebenzi be-laboratory abathathu. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela etholakele ayibobufakazi obuqondile.
Yini ipasipoti yokulwa nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa
Iphasiphothi elwa nokudakwa kwezidakamizwa irekhodi elenziwa ngozakwabo lomncintiswano eliqukethe imininingwane ehlukahlukene. Lezi yizimpawu ezibizwa ngokuthi yizimpawu zebhayoloji, eziqhathaniswa nemiphumela etholakele yokulawulwa kwezidakamizwa. Abasebenzi baselebhu basebenzisa lolu lwazi lapho behlaziya amasampula.
Iphasiphothi yokulwa nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa inezinzuzo eziningana:
- kungenzeka ukukhomba ukwephulwa okuhlukahlukene ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukukhomba izinto ezingavunyelwe;
- Ungabona ukwephulwa okuhlukahlukene ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukuhlolwa okuyinkimbinkimbi.
Iphasiphothi yezinto eziphilayo iqukethe izingxenye ezi-3:
- ipasipoti yemvelo ye-endocrine;
- ipasipoti yezinto eziphilayo ze-steroid;
- ipasipoti yezinto eziphilayo ze-hematological.
Kuze kube manje, kuphela ukuhlaziywa kwepasipoti ye-hematological esetshenziselwa ukuhlaziywa.
Ama-endocrine ne-steroid passport akuvamile ukusetshenziswa. Kusukela manje kuze kube manje, akukho mingcele ekhethekile eyenziwe ngabasebenzi be-laboratory abanquma ukuba khona kwezinto ezingavunyelwe. Kodwa-ke, esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, kuhlelwe ukusebenzisa kabanzi idatha yephrofayili ye-endocrine ne-steroid.
Kungani udinga ipasipoti yokulwa nokusebenzisa izidakamizwa
Vele, ipasipoti yebhayoloji iyadingeka ukuthola izinto ezingavunyelwe. Kepha unganquma ukuba khona kwezinto ezingavunyelwe usebenzisa ukuhlaziywa komchamo.
Iphasiphothi yezinto eziphilayo yenzelwe ukunqunywa kwe-erythropoietin. Le yihomoni yezinso engatholakali ngokuhlolwa komchamo (ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-15-17). Ngoba kukhishwa ngokushesha okukhulu emzimbeni womuntu. Izindlela ezikhona azilethi imiphumela yangempela.
Le hormone ithinta ngqo amandla womuntu. Futhi, ukumpontshelwa igazi kuthinta ushintsho kweminye imingcele yokukhuthazela kwegazi. Ngakho-ke, le datha ibaluleke kakhulu ekuhlaziyweni.
Into esemqoka kuphasiphothi yezinto eziphilayo yinkomba yokukhuthaza. Inkomba yokukhuthaza ifomula (iphrofayili) lapho kufakwa khona amapharamitha egazi ahlukahlukene (idatha).
Lapho kwenziwa ucwaningo, lezi zinkomba zegazi ziyabhekwa.
Ukhombisa kanjani ukuthi usebenzisa i-doping?
Umbambiqhaza ngamunye emincintiswaneni emikhulu nasemiqhudelwaneni kumele anikele ngegazi ngesikhathi esikhethekile:
- ngaphambi komncintiswano;
- ngesikhathi somncintiswano;
- ngemuva komncintiswano.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa kwegazi kwenziwa kwimishini ekhethekile. Uhlelo ngokuzenzakalela lufaka idatha etholakele. Futhi-ke uhlaziya ukubalwa kwegazi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlelo lunquma izinkambiso zemingcele yegazi kumhlanganyeli ngamunye emncintiswaneni. Okusho ukuthi, yenza "ama-corridors" anemingcele ephezulu nengaphansi. Konke lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukunquma ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingavunyelwe.
Ukuhlola kabusha isampula
Ukuhlola kabusha isampula kwenza kube lula ukuthola izinto ezingavunyelwe. Uma kutholakala izinto ezinjalo, umgijimi uzojeziswa. Isampuli ingahlolwa kabusha ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi.
Amasampula ahlolwa ngasiphi isisekelo?
Kunenhlangano ethatha isinqumo sokuhlola kabusha isampula. Igama lakhe uWADA. Futhi, umfelandawonye wamazwe omhlaba unganquma ukwenza kabusha.
Amasampula ahlolwa kabusha lapho kwenziwa indlela entsha yokuthola noma iziphi izinto ezingavunyelwe. Lapho kwenziwa le ndlela, ilabhorethri ekhethekile imema i-International Federation kanye ne-WADA ukuthi baphinde bahlole isampula. Futhi vele lezi zinhlangano zenza isinqumo sokugcina.
Amasampuli angahlolwa kangaki?
Kusemthethweni ukuhlola amasampula kaningi. Kodwa-ke, akekho owakhansele imithetho ye-physics. Inani elithile lomchamo lisetshenziselwa isivivinyo ngasinye. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesilinganiso, ukuqhutshwa okungabili kungenziwa.
Uqale nini ukuhlola abasubathi ngezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni?
Ngokokuqala ngqa, abasubathi baqala ukuhlolwa ngo-1968. Kepha amasampula ngokwawo athathwa ngo-1963. Ukwenza ukuhlaziywa okunjalo sekwenzeka ngenxa yokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe. Kusetshenziswe imishini ekhethekile ukuhlaziya amasampula.
Izindlela eziyinhloko zokuhlaziywa yilezi:
- i-mass spectrometry;
- chromatography.
Uhlu Olwenqatshelwe
Amakilasi Ezinto Ezinqatshelwe:
- I-S1-S9 (i-glucocorticosteroids, izidakamizwa, isisu, i-adrenomimetics, izinto ze-anabolic, ama-cannabinoids, izikhuthazi, izinto ezahlukahlukene ezinomsebenzi we-antiestrogenic, izinto ezahlukahlukene ezinjenge-hormone);
- I-P1-P2 (i-Beta-blockers, utshwala).
Ngo-2014, uhlu lwashintshwa kancane. Ukufakwa kwe-Argon ne-xenon kungeziwe.
Izijeziso Zokwephulwa Komthetho Wokulwa Nokuthwebula
Izijeziso zingasebenza kuwo womabili ama-laboratories nakubadlali. Uma i-laboratory yenze noma yikuphi ukwephula, khona-ke ingalahlekelwa ukugunyazwa. Noma kwenzeka ukwephulwa komthetho, ilabhorethri ekhethekile inelungelo lokuzivikela. Yile ndlela okwenziwa ngayo inqubo yasenkantolo futhi kubhekwa zonke izimo zecala.
Bonke abancintisana nabo, abaphathi, abasebenzi bezobuchwepheshe kumele bathobele imithetho ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Anti-Doping Code. Yashicilelwa okokuqala ngo-2003.
Abahleli bomncintiswano bazibekela unswinyo ngokwabo. Icala ngalinye lokwephula licatshangelwa ngawodwana. Uma abasebenzi noma umqeqeshi eba negalelo ekwephulweni, khona-ke bazojeziswa kanzima kunomsubathi uqobo.
Yiziphi unswinyo ezingasetshenziswa kumdlali?
- ukungafaneleki impilo yakho yonke;
- ukwesulwa kwemiphumela.
Njengomthetho, ukungavunyelwa impilo yonke kungenzeka uma usebenzisa noma yiziphi izindlela nezinto ezingavunyelwe. Ukwephula noma yimuphi umthetho kuzokwenza imiphumela ingasebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhoxiswa kwemiklomelo kungenzeka.
Kwezemidlalo enkulu, ukusebenzisa i-doping yisihloko esinqatshelwe. Abasubathi abazinikele impilo yabo yonke kwezemidlalo abafuni ukukhishwa inyumbazana. Ngakho-ke, siphoqeleka ukuyeka ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingavunyelwe.
