Kuyini imetabolism ye-carbohydrate emzimbeni?

Amakhabhohayidrethi adlala indima ebalulekile ekondleni okufanele nasekusatshalalisweni kwesilinganiso sezakhi. Abantu abayikhathalelayo impilo yabo bayazi ukuthi ama-carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi athandeka kunalawo alula. Futhi ukuthi kungcono ukudla ukudla kokugayeka isikhathi eside namandla emini. Kodwa kungani kunjalo? Uyini umehluko phakathi kwezinqubo zokwenziwa kwama-carbohydrate ahamba kancane futhi asheshayo? Kungani kufanele udle amaswidi kuphela ukuvala iwindi lamaprotheni, kanti uju kungcono ukuludla kuphela ebusuku? Ukuphendula le mibuzo, ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe imetabolism yama-carbohydrate emzimbeni womuntu.

Yini ama-carbohydrate?

Ngaphezu kokugcina isisindo esifanele, ama-carbohydrate emzimbeni womuntu enza umsebenzi omkhulu, ukwehluleka okubandakanya hhayi kuphela ukuvela kokukhuluphala, kodwa futhi nezinye izinkinga eziningi.

Imisebenzi esemqoka yama-carbohydrate ukwenza le misebenzi elandelayo:

1. Amandla - cishe ama-70% ama-calories angama-carbohydrate. Ukuze inqubo ye-oxidation ye-1 g yama-carbohydrate yenzeke, umzimba udinga i-4.1 kcal yamandla.
2. Ukwakhiwa - iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwezakhi zamaselula.
3. Gcina - dala idepho emisipheni nasesibindi ngendlela ye-glycogen.
4. Ukulawulwa - amanye ama-hormone angama-glycoprotein emvelweni. Isibonelo, ama-hormone we-thyroid gland ne-pituitary gland - ingxenye eyodwa yokwakheka kwezinto ezinjalo amaprotheni, kanti enye i-carbohydrate.
5. Avikelayo - i-heteropolysaccharides ibamba iqhaza ekwandeni kwe-mucus, ehlanganisa ulwelwesi lwamafinyila womgudu wokuphefumula, izitho zokugaya ukudla nomgudu womchamo.
6. Bamba iqhaza ekuqaphelisweni kweseli.
7. Ziyingxenye yolwelwesi lwama-erythrocyte.
8. Bangomunye wabalawuli be-clotting yegazi, njengoba beyingxenye ye-prothrombin ne-fibrinogen, i-heparin (umthombo - incwadi ethi "Biological Chemistry", iSeverin).

Kithina, imithombo eyinhloko yama-carbohydrate yilawo ma-molecule esiwathola ekudleni: isitashi, i-sucrose ne-lactose.

@ Evgeniya
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Izigaba zokwehlukaniswa kwama-saccharides

Ngaphambi kokubheka izici zokuphendula kwamakhemikhali emzimbeni kanye nomphumela we-carbohydrate metabolism ekusebenzeni kwezemidlalo, ake sifunde inqubo yokwehla kwama-saccharides ngokuqhubeka kwawo kube yi-glycogen kakhulu lapho abasubathi bembiwa kakhulu futhi bachithe ngesikhathi sokulungiselela imincintiswano.

Isigaba 1 - ukuhlukaniswa kwangaphambili ngamathe

Ngokungafani namaprotheni namafutha, ama-carbohydrate aqala ukonakala ngokushesha ngemuva kokungena emgodini womlomo. Iqiniso ngukuthi iningi lemikhiqizo engena emzimbeni iqukethe ama-carbohydrate anesitashi anzima, okuthi, ngaphansi kwethonya lamathe, okuyi-enzyme ye-amylase eyingxenye yokwakheka kwayo, futhi into eyimishini yehlukaniswe yaba ama-saccharides alula.

Isigaba 2 - ithonya lesisu se-asidi ekonakaleni okuqhubekayo

Yilapho isisu esiswini siqala khona ukusebenza. Iphula ama-saccharides ayinkimbinkimbi angathinteki ngamathe. Ngokuyinhloko, ngaphansi kwesenzo se-enzyme, i-lactose ihlukaniswe ne-galactose, eguqulwa ibe yi-glucose.

Isigaba 3 - ukumuncwa kweglucose egazini

Kulesi sigaba, cishe yonke i-glucose esheshayo ebilisiwe ingena ngqo egazini, yeqe izinqubo zokuvutshelwa esibindini. Izinga lamandla likhuphuka kakhulu futhi negazi ligcwala kakhulu.

Isigaba 4 - ukusutha nokuphendula kwe-insulin

Ngaphansi kwethonya le-glucose, igazi liyajiya, okwenza kube nzima ukuthi lihambise futhi lihambise umoya-mpilo. I-glucose ingena esikhundleni se-oxygen, ebangela ukusabela okuvikelayo - ukwehla kwenani lama-carbohydrate egazini.

I-insulin ne-glucagon evela kumanyikwe kungena kwi-plasma.

Owokuqala uvula amangqamuzana okuthutha ukunyakaza kukashukela kuwo, okubuyisela ibhalansi elahlekile yezinto. IGlucagon yona inciphisa ukuhlanganiswa kweglucose kusuka ku-glycogen (ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla yangaphakathi), kanye ne-insulin "imbobo" amaseli amakhulu omzimba bese ibeka i-glucose lapho ngendlela ye-glycogen noma i-lipids.

Isigaba 5 - imetabolism yama-carbohydrate esibindini

Endleleni yokuqedela ukugaya, ama-carbohydrate ashayisana nesivikeli esikhulu somzimba - amangqamuzana wesibindi. Kuku kulawa maseli lapho ama-carbohydrate angaphansi kwethonya lama-acids akhethekile abopha emaketangeni alula - i-glycogen.

Isigaba 6 - i-glycogen noma amafutha

Isibindi sikwazi ukucubungula inani elithile kuphela lama-monosaccharides atholakala egazini. Ukukhuphuka kwamazinga e-insulin kumenza akwenze ngokushesha. Uma isibindi singenaso isikhathi sokuguqula i-glucose ibe yi-glycogen, kwenzeka ukusabela kwe-lipid: yonke i-glucose yamahhala iguqulwa ibe ngamafutha alula ngokuyibopha ngama-acids. Umzimba wenza lokhu ukuze ushiye ukunikezwa, noma kunjalo, ngenxa yokudla kwethu okuqhubekayo, "ukhohlwa" ukugaya, futhi amaketanga e-glucose, aphenduke izicubu ze-adipose zepulasitiki, athuthwa ngaphansi kwesikhumba.

Isigaba 7 - ukuqeda okwesibili

Uma isibindi sibhekene nomthwalo kashukela futhi sikwazi ukuguqula wonke ama-carbohydrate abe yi-glycogen, lesi sakamuva, ngaphansi kwethonya le-hormone insulin, siyakwazi ukugcina emisipheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezimweni zokushoda komoya-mpilo, ihlukaniselwa emuva kushukela olula kakhulu, ingabuyeli egazini elijwayelekile, kepha ihlala emisipheni. Ngakho-ke, ngokudlula isibindi, i-glycogen inikezela amandla okucindezela kwemisipha ethile, ngenkathi ikhulisa ukubekezela (umthombo - "iWikipedia").

Le nqubo ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "umoya wesibili". Lapho umgijimi enezitolo ezinkulu ze-glycogen namafutha we-visceral alula, azoguqulwa abe amandla amsulwa kuphela uma kungekho-oxygen. Ngokulandelayo, iziphuzo ezinxilisayo eziqukethe okunamafutha acid zivusa ukuphefumula okwengeziwe, okuzoholela ekuthambekeni okungcono kwamaseli komoya-mpilo ezimweni zokushoda kwawo.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kungani ama-carbohydrate ehlukaniswe alula futhi ayinkimbinkimbi. Konke kumayelana nenkomba yabo ye-glycemic, enquma isilinganiso sokuwohloka. Lokhu, futhi, kubangela ukulawulwa kwe-carbohydrate metabolism. I-carbohydrate elula, isheshe ifike esibindini futhi kungenzeka iguqulwe ibe ngamafutha.

Itafula elilinganisiwe lenkomba ye-glycemic enokwakheka okuphelele kwama-carbohydrate kumkhiqizo:

Kodwa-ke, ngisho nokudla okunenkomba ephezulu ye-glycemic akukwazi ukuphazamisa imetabolism nemisebenzi ye-carbohydrate ngendlela okwenziwa ngayo umthwalo we-glycemic. Inquma ukuthi isibindi silayishwa kangakanani noshukela lapho lo mkhiqizo usetshenziswa. Lapho ufinyelela umkhawulo othile we-GN (cishe u-80-100), wonke ama-calories ngokweqile kokujwayelekile azoguqulwa ngokuzenzekelayo abe yi-triglycerides.

Itafula elilinganisiwe lomthwalo we-glycemic onama-calories aphelele:

Impendulo ye-insulin ne-glucagon

Ngenqubo yokudla noma iyiphi i-carbohydrate, kungaba ushukela noma isitashi esiyinkimbinkimbi, umzimba uvusa ukusabela okubili ngasikhathi sinye, amandla azo ancika ezintweni ezicatshangelwe ngaphambili futhi, okokuqala, ekukhishweni kwe-insulin.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi i-insulin ihlala ikhishelwa egazini ngezingqimba. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iphayi elilodwa elimnandi liyingozi emzimbeni njengophaya aba-5 abathandekayo. I-insulin ilawula ukuminyana kwegazi. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze wonke amaseli athole amandla anele ngaphandle kokusebenza kumodi ye-hyper noma ye-hypo. Kepha okubaluleke kakhulu, ijubane lokuhamba kwayo, umthwalo osesiswini senhliziyo kanye nekhono lokuhambisa umoya-mpilo kuncike ebunzimeni begazi.

Ukukhishwa kwe-insulin kuyindlela yemvelo yokusabela. I-insulini yenza izimbobo kuwo wonke amaseli asemzimbeni okwazi ukuthola amandla angeziwe, bese iyakhiya. Uma isibindi sibhekene nomthwalo, i-glycogen ibekwa kumaseli, uma isibindi sihlulekile, khona-ke amafutha angena kumaseli afanayo.

Ngakho-ke, ukulawulwa kwe-carbohydrate metabolism kwenzeka kuphela ngokukhululwa kwe-insulin. Uma kunganele (hhayi ngokungalandelani, kepha kube kanye), umuntu angaba ne-hangover kashukela - isimo lapho umzimba udinga khona uketshezi olwengeziwe ukukhuphula ivolumu yegazi nokuluxuba ngazo zonke izindlela ezikhona.

Isici sesibili esibalulekile kulesi sigaba se-carbohydrate metabolism yi-glucagon. Le hormone inquma ukuthi ngabe isibindi sidinga ukusebenza emithonjeni yangaphakathi noma emithonjeni yangaphandle.

Ngaphansi kwethonya le-glucagon, isibindi sikhipha i-glycogen eyenziwe ngomumo (engaboli), etholwe kumaseli angaphakathi, bese iqala ukuqoqa i-glycogen entsha ku-glucose.

Yi-glycogen yangaphakathi ehambisa i-insulin ngamaseli ekuqaleni (umthombo - incwadi ethi "Sports Biochemistry", Mikhailov).

Ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla okulandelayo

Ukusatshalaliswa okwalandela kwamandla we-carbohydrate kwenzeka ngokuya ngohlobo lomthethosisekelo, kanye nokuqina komzimba:

1. Kumuntu ongaqeqeshiwe onomzimba omncane. Lapho amazinga e-glucagon ancipha, amangqamuzana e-glycogen abuyela esibindini, lapho afakwa khona abe yi-triglycerides.
2. Umsubathi. Ngaphansi kwethonya le-insulin, amangqamuzana e-glycogen avaleke kakhulu emisipheni, anikeze amandla okuzivocavoca okulandelayo.
3. Umuntu ongeyena umgijimi onomzimba osheshayo. IGlycogen ibuyela esibindini, ibuyiselwa emazingeni e-glucose, ngemuva kwalokho igcwalisa igazi liye ezingeni lomngcele. Ngalokhu, kucasula isimo sokuphela, ngoba yize kukhona izinsiza zamandla ezanele, amaseli awanalo inani elifanele lomoya-mpilo.

Umphumela

I-Energy metabolism inqubo lapho ama-carbohydrate ehilelekile Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi noma ungekho ushukela oqondile, umzimba usazogaya izicubu zibe yi-glucose elula, okuzoholela ekwehleni kwezicubu zemisipha noma amafutha omzimba (kuya ngohlobo lwesimo esicindezelayo).

Bukela ividiyo: Liver Function 3, Carbohydrate storage and metabolism (May 2025).