Namuhla, inhlangano yamazwe omhlaba yokuvikela umphakathi, ngemuva kwalokhu ebizwa nge-ICDO, yamukelwa njengenhlangano yohulumeni, okukhethekile okuyiyona ukwenza izinyathelo eziningi zokuvikela umphakathi nokuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwabantu ezingeni eliphakeme lamazwe omhlaba.
Ukwakheka nemisebenzi yenhlangano yezokuvikela yomphakathi yamazwe omhlaba
Okwamanje, amalungu ale Nhlangano asebenzayo angamazwe abambe iqhaza, izingqapheli, amalungu e-ICDO.
Izinhloso eziyinhloko nemisebenzi yomsebenzi yale nhlangano yilezi:
- Ukumelwa kwezinsiza zokusebenza zikazwelonke zokuvikela umphakathi ezingeni eliphakeme lamazwe omhlaba.
- Ukudalwa kwezinhlaka zokuvikela okusebenzayo kwabantu abaphilayo emazweni ahlukene.
- Ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zokuqeqeshwa okukhethekile kwezinsizakalo zokuvikela ezisebenzayo.
- Ukubamba iqhaza ekusabalalisweni kosizo oludingeka ngabantu.
- Ukushintshaniswa kwezinkinga ezahlukahlukene ezinenkinga phakathi kwamazwe.
Ngubani umsunguli wenhlangano yamazwe omhlaba yokuvikela umphakathi?
Umsunguli oqondile wenhlangano ngo-1932 kwakunguGeneral French waseMedical Service uGeorges Saint-Paul, owasungula inhlangano ebizwa ngeGeneva Zones, kamuva eyaba yi-ICDO. Izindawo ezinjalo zazisho izindawo ezingathathi hlangothi lapho kungazange khona ubutha. Ezindaweni ezinjalo abesifazane, izingane ezincane kanye nabantu asebekhulile bathola indawo yokukhosela.
Okwamanje, umgwamanda ophakeme wenhlangano yamazwe omhlaba yokuvikela umphakathi yi-General Assembly equkethe izithunywa ezivela ezifundeni ezahlukene. Ihlangabeza amaseshini kanye njalo emva kweminyaka emibili, futhi, uma kunesidingo, imemezela ukuqoqwa kwezikhathi ezikhethekile ezibiziwe ngokucelwa Izizwe ezibambe iqhaza. Esiwombeni ngasinye esibanjwayo, kukhethwa izwe lapho kuzobanjelwa khona iqoqo elilandelayo.
Umqulu wenhlangano yezokuvikela yomphakathi yamukelwa emuva ngo-1966. Inike amandla i-ICDO ukuthi ibe yinhlangano esebenzisana ngqo nohulumeni. Umbhalo obaluleke kangako empeleni ngumhlangano wamazwe omhlaba futhi uqukethe imisebenzi esemqoka yeNhlangano.
Imisebenzi ye-ICDO
Enye yezinkomba ezibaluleke kakhulu zemisebenzi eyenziwa yi-ICDO isibe ukusatshalaliswa kolwazi olutholakele nolwazi olutholakele ezindabeni ezicutshungulwa ngezokuvikela umphakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo. Le nhlangano ibuye ihlanganyele nokuqeqesha abasebenzi ezindaweni ezikhona, ihlinzeka ngosizo lobuchwepheshe oludingekayo enhlanganweni nasekuqhubekeni nokwenza ngcono izinhlelo ezahlukahlukene zokuvimbela izimo eziphuthumayo nokuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa okusebenzayo kwabantu abaphilayo. Ochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe kakhulu baqeqeshwe ezikhungweni zokuqeqesha ze-GO eziseSwitzerland.
Ukuze kusatshalaliswe ngempumelelo isipiliyoni esinqwabelene ekuvikeleni umphakathi, isikhungo esiyinhloko semibhalo ye-ICDO sishicilela umagazini okhethekile "Ukuvikelwa Komphakathi", oshicilelwe ngezilimi ezi-4. Isikhungo sedokhumentari nelabhulali eyingqayizivele ye-ICDO iqukethe inani elikhulu lamadokhumenti, izincwadi nomagazini abathandekayo, kufaka phakathi izinto ezilalelwayo nezamavidiyo ezisetshenzisiwe.
I-Russia yajoyina inhlangano yezokuvikela yezwe ngonyaka we-1993 futhi yaqala ukuthola ulwazi nolwazi olubalulekile kwezokuvikela umphakathi kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo. Ngokuzayo, izwe lethu lihlela ukuthatha indawo ebuholini be-ICDO, okuzonikeza ithuba lokubamba iqhaza ngempumelelo emisebenzini yenhlangano enjalo. Namuhla, inhlangano kanye nemisebenzi yokwenza ukuzivikela komphakathi eRussian Federation iqondiswa nguMnyango Wezimo Eziphuthumayo, osebenza ngokubambisana nezinye izinsizakalo zokutakula zezwe.
Imithetho yokwabela izinhlangano ezahlukahlukene ngezigaba zokuvikela umphakathi
Izinhlangano ezihlukaniswe ngokuvikela umphakathi zimi kanje:
- Izinhlangano ezinokuvikela okubalulekile kanye nokubaluleka kwezomnotho.
- Izinhlangano ezisebenzayo ezinezakhiwo zokugqugquzela.
- Izinhlangano ezingaba yingozi ngesikhathi sokuthula nasekuqaleni kwempi yezempi.
- Izinhlangano ezinamasayithi ayingqayizivele amasiko nezomlando.
Ezinhlanganweni, lezi zigaba ezilandelayo zokuvikela umphakathi zingasungulwa:
- isigaba esibaluleke kakhulu;
- isigaba sokuqala;
- isigaba sesibili.
Ukunikezwa kwezinhlangano ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene zokuvikela umphakathi kwenziwa yiziphathimandla ezikhona, izinkampani ezahlukahlukene zombuso nezinkampani, iziphathimandla eziphezulu zaseRussia ngokuhambisana ngokuqinile nezinkomba ezisetshenzisiwe, ezisungulwa nguMnyango Wezimo Eziphuthumayo zaseRussia ngesivumelwano esiphoqelekile nezikhungo ezimenyezelwe zentshisekelo.
Isigaba se-GO singasethelwa inhlangano ngokuya ngenkomba ephezulu kakhulu yezingxenye zayo ezihlukile, kungakhathalekile ukuthi ikuphi.
Ukucaciswa kohlu lwezinhlangano ezingaphansi kwezigaba zokuvikela umphakathi kwenziwa njengoba kudingekile okungenani kanye njalo eminyakeni emihlanu.
Umlando wokuzivikela komphakathi eRussia
Ezweni lethu, umlando osungulwe wohlelo olubalulekile lokuvikela umphakathi waqala ngo-1932. Ngalolo suku olukude, kwahlelwa ukuzivikela komoya, okuyingxenye ebalulekile yohlelo lwamanje lokuvikela umoya. Ngo-1993, uhulumeni wakhipha lo myalo olandelayo: UMnyango Wezimo Eziphuthumayo zeRussian Federation kufanele umelwe kwi-ICDO yaseRussian Federation, ebambe iqhaza ekuphathweni okusebenzayo kwezokuvikela umphakathi kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo futhi esebenza ngokubambisana nezinye izinsizakalo zokutakula ezweni.
Inhloso enkulu yokubambisana okuzuzisayo ne-ICDO yamanje kwakuwukuqiniswa okuphelele okuphumelelayo kwamandla okuvikela umphakathi kanye nokuvikela okusebenzayo kwabantu abaphilayo ukwenza ngcono ukulungiselela izimo eziphuthumayo zemvelo ehlukile, ukwesekwa kosizo emazweni amaningi adinga ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo emkhakheni wokuvikela izakhamizi. Umphumela wokusebenzisana kwaba ukwethulwa kwezindlela zakamuva emkhakheni wokuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka okusebenzayo kwabantu abahlala kanye nezindawo ezinkulu ezivela eziphuthumayo, inqubo yokuthuthukisa izindlela ezithuthukisiwe namazinga ahlukahlukene asetshenziselwa ukuqeqeshwa kochwepheshe emsebenzini wezinsizakalo zokuhlenga, ukushintshaniswa kwesipiliyoni okutholakele, ukuqiniswa okukhulu kokubambisana emkhakheni wesixwayiso sokuqala kanye nokuqedwa kwezinhlekelele eziqhubekayo nezinhlekelele ezinkulu ezinhlobonhlobo.
Ku-2016, uMkhandlu usayine umthethonqubo wokuxhumana emkhakheni wokushintshisana ngolwazi phakathi koMnyango Wezimo Eziphuthumayo waseRussia ne-ICDO. Ngasikhathi sinye, kufinyelelwe ezivumelwaneni eziningi ezibalulekile maqondana nokuthuthukiswa kobambiswano obengeziwe, ukuqhutshekiswa kokuthuthukiswa komkhankaso ohlelwe mayelana nokuhlelwa kwenethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yezikhungo ezikhethekile zezinhlekelele.
Ekuqalisweni kwaleso sinyathelo, kwenziwa isoftware esezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu esetshenzisiwe efakwe esikhungweni sokuqapha nokuxhumanisa i-ICDO. Kubandakanya ukufakwa nokuqhutshekiswa phambili kohlelo oluyingqayizivele lolwazi lokuma komhlaba lokuhlaziya nokwenza imodeli esebenzayo yezimo eziphuthumayo ezingaba khona, kufaka phakathi imininingwane ebalulekile etholwe kusetshenziswa ukuqapha isikhala.
Ngenxa yezinyathelo eziphelele ezithathiwe, i-MCMK ICDO isiphenduke inkundla eyenzelwe ukuxazulula izinkinga ezahlukahlukene ekulweni nezinhlekelele zemvelo. Futhi ukuqapha, ukubikezela, ukumodela izimo eziphuthumayo ezingaba khona, ukuhlinzeka ngezeluleko zokuxhumanisa izinqumo zokuphatha ezibaluleke kakhulu ngokuya ngokuhlaziywa kwedatha etholakele.
Isakhiwo sokuvikela umphakathi ebhizinisini
Inhloko yebhizinisi ibhekele ukutholakala kwamandla nezinsizakusebenza ezizodingeka impela esimweni esiphuthumayo ukusindisa abantu noma ukuqeda imiphumela eseyenzekile. Ngeminye imininingwane yokuthi ngubani obhekele ukuvikela umphakathi enkampanini, sicela ulandele isixhumanisi.
Indlunkulu yezokuvikela umphakathi ihlelekile ngokuqokwa kwenduna ezophatha ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo, ukusetha izexwayiso, nokwenza izinhlelo ezizayo. Abasebenzi baqeqeshelwe iGO ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe. Ubuye futhi alawule uhlelo lwayo yonke imicimbi ezayo ezimeni eziphuthumayo ezahlukahlukene.
Inhlangano yezokuvikela umphakathi njengamanje iqukethe le misebenzi elandelayo:
- Kuthathwe izinyathelo zokulwa nomlilo.
- Ukulungiselela abasebenzi abafanelekayo ukuzivikela.
- Inhlangano yokuthuthwa okucacile nokusheshayo.
- Ukwakhiwa kohlelo olusebenzayo lokuqalisa ngokushesha izenzo ezinekhono esimweni esiphuthumayo.
I-athikili elandelayo izocubungula ngokuningiliziwe isibonelo somyalelo wenhlangano yokuvikela umphakathi.
