Ibanga le-Sprint belilokhu liyizindlela ezithandwa kakhulu futhi ezibabazekayo kwezokugijima kwezemidlalo, futhi amagama abaphumelele asezindebeni zawo wonke umuntu.
Futhi akumangalisi ukuthi umncintiswano wokuqala wezemidlalo wama-Olimpiki e-Ancient Greece kwaba umjaho we-sprint esiteji esingu-1 (192.27 m), negama lomnqobi wokuqala, uKoreb, ligcinwe amakhulu eminyaka.
I-Etymology yegama "umsubathi"
Igama "umsubathi" lisuselwa esiNgisini. Igama elithi "Sprint" ngesiNgisi laqala ngekhulu le-16. from the Old Icelandic "spretta" (to grow, break through, hit with a stream) futhi kwakusho "ukwenza igxuma, gxuma." Ngomqondo walo wanamuhla, leli gama selisetshenzisiwe kusukela ngo-1871.
Yini iSprint?
I-Sprint ingumncintiswano enkundleni yezemidlalo ohlelweni lwemidlalo yokugijima:
- 100 m;
- 200 m;
- 400 m;
- umjaho odluliselwe 4 × 100 m;
- umjaho odluliselwe 4 × 400 m.
Ukugijima kwe-Sprint nakho kuyingxenye yeziyalo zobuchwepheshe (ukweqa, ukuphonsa), ezokugijima ezungeze yonke eminye imidlalo.
Imicimbi ye-sprint esemthethweni yenzeka kuma-World Championship, kuma-Olimpiki, kuZwelonke nakumaZwekazi, kanye nasemincintiswaneni yendawo yezentengiselwano neyezifundazwe.
Imincintiswano ebangeni elingajwayelekile le-30 m, 50 m, 55 m, 60 m, 300 m, 500 m, 600 m ibanjelwa emakamelweni avaliwe, kanye nasemincintiswaneni yezikole neyabafundi.
I-Sprint Physiology
Ku-sprint, umgijimi oyinhloko ukhathazeka ngokufinyelela ijubane eliphezulu ngokushesha. Isixazululo sale nkinga sincike kakhulu kuzici zomzimba nezingokwenyama ze-sprinter.
Ukusebenza kwe-Sprint ukuzivocavoca nge-anaerobic, okungukuthi, umzimba unikezwa amandla ngaphandle kokwenza i-oxygen. Emabangeni we-sprint, igazi alinaso isikhathi sokuletha umoya-mpilo emisipheni. Ukwephuka kwe-Anaerobic alactate kwe-ATP ne-CrF, kanye nokuwohloka kwe-glucose (glycogen) kwe-anaerobic kuba umthombo wamandla emisipha.
Ngesikhathi semizuzwana emihlanu yokuqala. Ngesikhathi sokuqalisa kokuqala, imisipha isebenzisa i-ATP, eyayinqwabelene yimicu yemisipha phakathi nesikhathi sokuphumula. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngaphezulu kwamasekhondi amane alandelayo. ukwakheka kwe-ATP kwenzeka ngenxa yokwehla kwe-creatine phosphate. Okulandelayo, i-anaerobic glycolytic energy supply ixhunyiwe, eyanele imizuzwana engu-45. ukusebenza kwemisipha, ngenkathi kwakhiwa i-lactic acid.
I-Lactic acid, ukugcwalisa amangqamuzana emisipha, ukunciphisa imikhawulo yokusebenza kwemisipha, ukugcina isivinini esiphezulu kuba yinto engenakwenzeka, ukukhathala kuyangena, futhi ijubane lokugijima liyancipha.
Ukunikezwa kwamandla ka-oksijeni kuqala ukudlala indima ebalulekile esikhathini sokutholwa kwezinqolobane ze-ATP, i-KrF ne-glycogen esetshenziswe ngesikhathi kusebenza imisipha.
Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yezinqolobane ezinqwabelene ze-ATP ne-CrF, imisipha ingenza umsebenzi ngesikhathi semithwalo ephezulu. Ngemuva kokuqeda, ngesikhathi sokululama, izinto ezisetshenzisiwe ziyabuyiselwa.
Ijubane lokunqoba ibanga ku-sprint lithonywe kakhulu inani lemicu esheshayo yemisipha. Lapho umgijimi enakho, ukugijima ngokushesha okukhulu. Inani lemicu yemisipha esheshayo nehamba kancane inqunywa ngokofuzo futhi ayinakuguqulwa ngokuqeqeshwa.
Yimaphi amabanga amafushane akhona?
60 m
Ibanga le-60 m akulona ele-Olimpiki. Imincintiswano ekuleli banga ibanjelwa emiqhudelwaneni yomhlaba neyaseYurophu, emincintiswaneni kazwelonke neyezohwebo ebusika, ngaphakathi ezindlini.
Umjaho ubanjelwa entanjeni yomzila wamamitha angama-200 nenkundla yezinkundla, noma enkabeni yenkundla enezimpawu ezengeziwe ebangeni lamamitha angama-60.
Njengoba umjaho wama-60m ushesha, ukuphendula okuhle kokuqala kuyinto ebalulekile kuleli banga.
100 m
Ibanga le-sprint elidume kakhulu. Kwenziwa esigabeni esiqondile senkundla egijima amathrekhi. Leli banga lifakiwe ohlelweni kusukela nge-Olympiad yokuqala.
200 m
Elinye lamabanga ahlonishwa kakhulu. Kufakwe ohlelweni lwama-Olimpiki kusukela kuma-Olimpiki wesibili. I-200m World Championship yokuqala yabanjwa ngo-1983.
Ngenxa yokuthi ukuqala kusekujikeni, ubude bamathrekhi buhlukile, ama-sprinters abekwa ngendlela yokuthi umhlanganyeli ngamunye kulo mjaho agijime ngo-200 m.
Ukunqoba leli banga kudinga amasu aphezulu ekhoneni nokubekezela kwejubane kusuka kubasubathi.
Imincintiswano ebangeni lamamitha angama-200 ibanjelwa ezinkundleni zemidlalo nasezinkundleni zasendlini.
400 m
Ithrekhi enzima kakhulu kanye nesiyalo senkambu. Ifuna ukukhuthazela ngejubane nokusatshalaliswa okuphelele kwamandla avela kubagijimi. Isiyalo se-Olympic. Imincintiswano ibanjelwa enkundleni yezemidlalo naphakathi ezindlini.
Ukudlulisa izinhlanga
I-Relay iwukuphela komcimbi weqembu emjahweni wokugijima nasenkundleni, owenziwa kuma-Olympic Games, European and World Championship.
Amarekhodi omhlaba, ngaphezu kwamabanga ama-Olimpiki, nawo aqoshwa emijahweni elandelayo yokudlulisa:
- 4x200 m;
- 4x800 m;
- 4x1500 m.
Imijaho yokudlulisa ibanjelwa ezinkundleni zemidlalo nasezinkundleni zemidlalo. Imincintiswano ibanjelwa emabangeni alandelayo wokudlulisa:
- 4 × 110 m enezithiyo;
- Ukudluliswa kweSweden;
- umjaho wokudlulisa emigwaqweni yedolobha;
- umjaho wokudlulisa izwe eliwela emgwaqeni omkhulu;
- imijaho yokudlulisa izwe eliwela;
- I-Ekiden (ukudluliswa kwemarathon).
Abagijimi abaphezulu abayi-10 emhlabeni
Usain Bolt (eJamaica) - owawina izikhathi eziyisishiyagalolunye kuma-Olympic Games. Umnikazi werekhodi lomhlaba we-100 m no-200 m;
UTyson Guy (eU.SA) - Owinile ngezindondo zegolide ezi-4 zobuqhawe bomhlaba wonke, owine i-Continental Cup. Umgijimi wesibili oshesha kakhulu kumamitha ayi-100;
UJohan Blake (Jamaica) - Owine izindondo ezimbili zegolide zama-Olimpiki, izindondo zegolide zomhlaba ezine eziwumpetha. Umgijimi wesithathu oshesha kakhulu ku-100m emhlabeni;
U-Asafa Powell (eJamaica) - Ophumelele izindondo ezimbili zegolide zama-Olimpiki nompetha womhlaba wezikhathi ezimbili. I-4 sprinter eshesha kakhulu ku-100m;
UNesta Carter (eJamaica) - Umnqobi wezindondo ezimbili zegolide zama-Olimpiki, izindondo zegolide ezi-4 zomhlaba;
UMaurice Greene (eU.SA) - Owine izindondo ezimbili zegolide kuma-Olympic aseSydney ngamamitha ayi-100 naku-4x100 m relay, izindondo zegolide ezi-6 zobuqhawe bomhlaba. Umnikazi werekhodi ekugijimeni kwamamitha angama-60;
Weide van Niekerk (South Africa) - Umpetha womhlaba wonke, owine indondo yegolide yama-Olympic eRio 2016 emjahweni wama-400 m;
U-Irina Privalova (Russia) -, umnikazi wendondo yegolide yama-Olimpiki kuma-Olimpiki aseSydney ku-4x100 m relay, izindondo zegolide ezi-3 zobuqhawe base-Europe nezindondo ze-4 zegolide ze-World Championship. Ophumelele amarekhodi omhlaba nawaseYurophu. Umnikazi werekhodi lomhlaba ekugijimeni kwendlu okungama-60m;
UFlorence Griffith-Joyner (eU.SA) - Owinile izindondo ezintathu zegolide kuma-Olimpiki aseSeoul, umpetha womhlaba, ophethe irekhodi lomhlaba ngamamitha ayi-100 kanye nama-200 m.
Lapho ufanelekela iSeoul Games UGriffith Joyner weqe irekhodi ngamamitha ayi-100 ngasikhathi sinye ngemizuzwana engu-0.27, kwathi kowamanqamu wama-Olimpiki eSeoul wathuthukisa irekhodi langaphambilini ngemizuzwana engu-0.37;
UMarita Koch (GDR) - umnikazi wendondo yama-Olimpiki emjahweni wama-400 m, amahlandla ama-3 waba ngumpetha womhlaba kwathi amahlandla ama-6 waba ngumpetha wase-Europe. Ophethe njengamanje ophethe irekhodi elingamamitha angama-400. Ngesikhathi somsebenzi wakhe wezemidlalo, usethe amarekhodi omhlaba angaphezu kwama-30.
Ibanga le-sprint, lapho umphumela womjaho unqunywa izingxenyana zomzuzwana, kudinga ukuthi umsubathi akhulise ukusebenza kahle, inqubo yokugijima ephelele, isivinini esikhulu nokukhuthazela kwamandla.
