Unyawo lomuntu lungenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu zomzimba, ngaphandle kwalokho ukunyakaza bekungeke kwenzeke. Ngesinyathelo ngasinye, le ngxenye ibalelwa ku-125-250% wesisindo esiphelele somuntu. Isilinganiso sabantu sithatha izinyathelo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezine ngosuku, okungumthwalo omkhulu.
Ukwakheka konyawo akukashintshi amakhulu eminyaka, futhi zonke izifo nokukhubazeka kubangelwa ukugqoka njalo izicathulo ezingathandeki nezingalungile. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi le ngxenye yemizimba isebenza kanjani, udinga ukuqonda ukuthi umlenze uqukethe ini - ukwakheka konyawo.
Isakhiwo somlenze - unyawo
Izinyawo ziza ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, ubukhulu, osayizi, ngisho nendawo nobude bezinzwane.
Kunezinketho ezi-3 sezizonke:
- IsiGreki yizinhlobo eziyivelakancane lapho uzwane lwenkomba lude kunolukhulu.
- IGibhithe uhlobo oluvame kakhulu, ubude beminwe bulandela umugqa owayo.
- I-Roman - i-1/3 yabantu inyawo olunjalo, isici sayo esihlukile ubude obufanayo besithupha nomunwe wangaphambili.
Ngaphandle kokuthwala imilenze unyawo olumelana nayo, futhi kuyindawo esengozini kakhulu yomzimba womuntu. Ngokunyakaza okungalungile noma okungazelelwe, ungathola ukuphuma noma ukuqhekeka kwemisipha, okubandakanya ukwelashwa okude futhi okungemnandi kakhulu.
Ukwahlukana nemifantu kwenzeka kaningi, ikakhulukazi ama-phalanges eminwe nesithambo sesithende. Kepha ukubuyiselwa kwalezi zingxenye zonyawo yinde kakhulu futhi kungathatha inyanga e-1 kuye kwezi-6.
Amathambo ezinyawo
Umuntu ojwayelekile ongenasici nokungajwayelekile onyaweni unamathambo ahlukene angama-26. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi uma kwenzeka umonakalo omkhulu okungenani owodwa wabo, i-biomechanics yokuhamba iyaphazamiseka, kuze kube yilapho umuntu engaba nobuhlungu ngisho nokuhamba ngonyawo. Zonke izinzwane zinama-phalanges amathathu, kanti enkulu inezimbili kuphela.
Uhlu lwamathambo:
- ama-phalanges eminwe (proximal, middle and distal);
- metatarsal;
- scaphoid;
- isifuba sesithende;
- i-calcaneal;
- i-cuboid;
- ukubamba iqhaza;
- i-talus block;
- ikhanda le-talus;
- emise okwembaba.
Amalunga noqwanga
Amalunga angukuxhumeka okuhambisekayo kwamathambo amabili noma ngaphezulu endaweni eyodwa. Izindawo lapho zithinta khona zibizwa ngokuthi uqwanga (izicubu ezikhethekile ezixhuma). Kungenxa yalokhu ukuthi umuntu akwazi ukuhamba kalula futhi ngokushelela. Ilunga elibaluleke kakhulu ilunga leqakala. Nguye othunjwa kubuciko bokulwa futhi eqala ukusonta.
Ukuqhekeka kwalezi zimisipha akugcini nje ngokuba buhlungu kakhulu, kodwa futhi kuyabuhlungu, kuze kufike nokubandakanya ukukhubazeka. Iqakala empeleni lixhumanisa umlenze nonyawo futhi liyingxenye esemqoka. Kukhona futhi amalunga we-metatarsophalangeal, okuthi, njengoba igama liphakamisa, axhume ama-phalanges ezinzwaneni kanye nethambo le-metatarsal.
Ama-tendon nemisipha
Ama-tendon yizandiso zemisipha ezibaxhuma emathanjeni. Kunezinhlobo eziningana: ngesimo sama-jumpers, amafushane, made, abanzi futhi anciphile. Kepha ngaphandle kokwehluka kwabo kwangaphandle, umsebenzi uyefana kuwo wonke umuntu.
Ama-tendon akhiwa izinyanda ezicishe zifane nokwakheka kwemisipha yomuntu ejwayelekile. Ziqinile kakhulu futhi cishe azinwebeki.
Ukulimala konyawo okuvame kakhulu wumgogodla. Imvamisa kwenzeka eqakaleni ngemuva kokuhamba okungazelelwe, ukuma okungalungile komlenze, noma ukuzelula okukhethekile.
Ngokulimala okuncane kunakho konke, kuvela ukungezwani okuncane, okuphakathi nendawo, kuvela izinyembezi ezincane zezicubu, futhi kulezi ezinzima kakhulu, ukuqhekeka kwethoni yonke. Umonakalo ophelele kulezi zicubu uhlanganisa ukululama isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuhamba. Imigqa yizicubu ezixhuma amalunga futhi ziwabambe endaweni yazo yasekuqaleni.
Imisipha yonyawo
Imisipha yonyawo ihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili: isitshalo kanye nangemuva. Bangu-19 sebebonke. Yize bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuthi benzelwe ini, yonke i-biomechanics yokuhamba incike kula maqembu emisipha.
Uma zilimele noma zibuthakathaka, ungalimaza unyawo noma ezinye izingxenye zalo. Amaqembu emisipha yonyawo awanakuthuthukiswa noma athuthukiswe ngemishini. Ziyaqina ngokunyakaza okwengeziwe: ukuhamba, ukugijima, ukugxuma, njalo njalo.
Engxenyeni engezansi yomlenze kuneqembu lemisipha eliphakathi, eliphakathi nelilandelayo, libizwa nangokuthi ama-flexors. Engxenyeni engemuva yonyawo kunemisipha emifushane eyelulayo nesisicaba.
Ukunikezwa kwegazi
Igazi lingena onyaweni ngemithambo emibili: imithambo yangaphambi nangemuva kwe-tibial. Ngendlela efanayo, izakhamzimba ezidingekayo zifika onyaweni, zisatshalaliswa ngemikhumbi nangama-capillaries ngqo ezicutshini. Ngemuva kwalokho igazi limpontshelwa emuva kusetshenziswa imithambo eyi-4: emibili ejulile futhi emibili engaphezulu.
Okukhulu kunakho konke okungaphansi kwesikhumba esikhulu, esiqala ezinzwaneni ezinkulu ezivela ngaphakathi. Okufana nalokho okukhulu umthambo omncane. Imithambo ye-tibial itholakala ngaphambili nangemuva kwezitho. Ziyisandiso somthambo we-popliteal.
Ukuswela
Ukusindiswa yizinzwa ezinikeza ukuxhumana nohlelo lomuntu oluphakathi lwezinzwa.
Esikhunjeni sonyawo lwenziwa ngosizo lwalezi zinzwa:
- ngaphansi kwesikhumba;
- emuva ngokoqobo;
- ingaphakathi langaphakathi;
- emuva okuphakathi.
Izinzwa zokuqala ezintathu zimboza i-peroneal, ethi yona isuke ku-tibial. Idlulisa imizwa evela maphakathi neqakala futhi ezimweni ezingavamile iye emaphethelweni esithupha.
I-nerve medial ibhekele indawo engxenyeni engenhla yesithupha, inkomba kanye neminwe ephakathi. I-cutaneous emaphakathi ithumela ukufutheka endaweni yomunwe wendandatho nomunwe omncane. I-nerve yangempela ibhekene nengxenye ye-lateral yonyawo lonke.
Ngokwemvelo, kukhona nezimo lapho umuntu ngamunye engenayo enye yalezi zinzwa kanti omunye unesibopho sesiza. Ngemuva konyawo, imizwa yangaphakathi idlulisa imizwa engxenyeni emaphakathi, kuthi eye eceleni kwayo iye esikhunjeni sonke.
Esinye sezifo ezivamile lapho kwenzeka khona umonakalo, ukugcinwa unyawo, yi-neuropathy.
Ngalesi sifo, i-peripheral nervous system yezitho iyahlupheka. Lokhu kubonakala ekuzweleni okwandayo kwesikhumba ukuze kube nokukhuthaza, ukunyakaza okungekho kokuzithandela, ukuguqulwa kwemisipha yonyawo.
Lesi sifo sibonakala ngenxa:
- ukuphuza ngokweqile iziphuzo ezidakayo;
- ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa;
- izakhi zofuzo;
- izinkinga zesibindi;
- isifo sikashukela;
- ukuchayeka isikhathi eside esikhunjeni sezinto ezinobuthi;
- ukungabi khona kwamavithamini njalo emzimbeni;
- izifo ezithathelwanayo.
Uma lezi zifo zingelashwa, zingaholela ekubonakaleni kwezilonda nemifantu esikhumbeni, bese kubangele ukukhubazeka kwezitho. Ukubuyiselwa kohlelo lwezinzwa kwanoma iyiphi ingxenye yomzimba kuyinkqubo ende, eyinkimbinkimbi futhi engenzeki njalo. Ukwelashwa ngokushesha kunenkinga enjalo, maningi amathuba okulungisa isimo.
Unyawo lungenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu zohlelo lomuntu lwe-musculoskeletal. Njengoba lokhu kuyingxenye ephansi kunazo zonke zomzimba, le ngxenye icindezeleke kakhulu cishe kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi wasendlini.
Uma kwenzeka ukulimala noma yikuphi ukuzwa okubuhlungu onyaweni, kufanele uxhumane nodokotela ngokushesha, ngoba kwezinye izimo lokhu kungaholela emiphumeleni engenakulungiswa. Ukunciphisa ingozi yokulimala nokuqinisa unyawo lwakho, udinga ukuthuthukisa imisipha yayo. Lokhu kutholakala ngokuqeqeshwa njalo kanye nezemidlalo.
